Academicus Journal of Research is a peer-reviewed, open-access multidisciplinary journal that publishes original research and review articles across a broad range of academic fields. The journal is designed to support scholarly communication and global knowledge dissemination. Aim & Scope The journal aims to advance academic research by publishing high-quality scholarly contributions from diverse disciplines. Scope includes: Education, Social Sciences, Management, Commerce, Economics, Science, Technology, Engineering, Humanities, Health Sciences, Environmental Studies, and Multidisciplinary Research. ISSN (E): 3054-3371 ResearchBib: 10.55
You are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. Notices: You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation. No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
LINGUVOPRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR IN DRAMATIC DISCOURSE
This article examines not only the communicative function of language but also its emotional-expressive potential. In particular, it highlights the distinction between emotional lexicon and the lexicon that names emotions. The study analyzes emotionally expressive units in the Uzbek language through relevant examples and demonstrates their role in conveying the speaker’s subjective attitude. Furthermore, it critically evaluates cases in linguistics where these two types of lexicon are confused. The findings emphasize the necessity of clearly distinguishing between emotional-evaluative vocabulary and emotion-naming units.
Emotional lexicon, expressiveness, stylistic coloring, emotion-naming vocabulary, evaluative lexicon, Uzbek language, linguistics Annotatsiya (O‘zbek tilida).
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION
This article analyses the relationship between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the environmental dimensions of international human rights law from an international legal perspective. The study examines the normative convergence between the SDG framework and the human rights system, the intersection of environmentally oriented goals - including SDG-6 (clean water), SDG-13 (climate action), SDG-14 and SDG-15 (biodiversity) - with human rights obligations, and the practical implications of the recognition of the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment as an autonomous human right under UN General Assembly Resolution 76/300 of 2022. The research was conducted using legal analysis, comparative and systematic methods, with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, UN General Assembly resolutions, and human rights bodies' reports serving as primary sources. The findings demonstrate that, despite the real and significant normative convergence between the SDG system and the human rights system, the political nature of the goals and the absence of mandatory enforcement mechanisms remain the principal factors limiting their effectiveness. According to the 2025 UN report, only 35% of SDG targets are on track, with environmental goals showing the weakest progress. The article calls upon the international community to develop new legal instruments formally linking environmental SDGs with human rights obligations and supported by binding monitoring mechanisms.
Sustainable development goals, human rights, environmental law, international law, right to a healthy environment, 2030 Agenda, SDG-13, climate action, accountability mechanisms, Resolution 76/300.
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR THE NUTRITION REGIMEN OF MARTIAL ARTISTS BEFORE COMPETITIONS
This article addresses the improvement of the nutritional regimen methodology for martial artists (including wrestling, judo, taekwondo, and boxing) during the pre-competition period. Given that weight management and rapid weight loss in combat sports often compromise the functional capacity of athletes, this study analyzes dietary strategies aimed at maintaining energy balance and optimal hydration levels. A tailored methodology optimizing the intake of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients during pre-competition microcycles was developed. The proposed nutritional framework enhances athletic endurance, maximizes muscle glycogen stores, and accelerates recovery processes under competitive stress.
Martial artists, pre-competition period, nutritional regimen, methodology, macronutrients, energy balance, hydration, weight loss, glycogen stores, physical performance.
CONTEMPORARY MEDIA DISCOURSE AND INTERNET COMMUNICATION: A STUDY OF HOW DIGITALIZATION IS CHANGING SPEECH NORMS AND STRUCTURES
This article examines how digitalization is changing speech norms and structures in media discourse and internet communication. With the rise of social networks and messengers, language increasingly reflects technological change. Media discourse is a dynamic hybrid of journalism, colloquial speech, and visual culture. Internet communication is an intermediate form between oral and written speech, marked by speed and emotionality. Digitalization has relaxed traditional norms in informal contexts. Text structure now features short paragraphs, emojis, memes, and hyperlinks. New digital vocabulary (e.g., blogger, like, hashtag) has emerged. The paper discusses both positive effects (faster communication, creativity) and negative ones (reduced literacy, superficial reading). The study concludes that digitalization makes language more flexible, not destroyed.
Media discourse, internet communication, digitalization, language, speech norms, social networks, media text, emojis, vocabulary, speech structure.
PRONUNCIATION AND ORTHOGRAPHY OF AFFRICATES IN INTERVOCALIC POSITION
This article analyzes the use of affricate sounds in the Uzbek literary language and its dialects. Particular attention is paid to orthographic as well as phonetic-phonological issues related to affricate sounds, and several approaches to resolving these problems are proposed. Based on the observations, conclusions are drawn regarding the complex and composite nature of affricate sounds and the manifestation of this feature in different pronunciation processes.
Affricate sound, phoneme, phonemic status, velar sound, nasal sound, sonorant, syllabification, orthographic rules.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND GENERAL EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND HYBRID MODELS
This article provides a comparative analysis of the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in foreign language teaching and general education. Based on a critical synthesis of four recent studies by Rizakhojayeva (2026), Juraev (2026), Rsaliyev (2026), and Sharipova & Rsaliyev (2026), the paper examines the adaptive potential of AI, the risks of algorithmic bias, cultural irrelevance, and the loss of human interaction. The study highlights empirical evidence from China, Iran, Indonesia, Russia, and Kazakhstan. A three-level hybrid model for the distribution of functions between teachers and AI is proposed (technical-diagnostic, interpretative-adaptive, and motivational-reflective levels). The article concludes that the effectiveness of AI in education is determined not by technological power but by the quality of pedagogical design and the preservation of human-centered values.
Artificial intelligence, foreign language teaching, adaptive learning, hybrid model, cultural relevance, pedagogical design, SPEAK-BOT.
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY SECTOR: THE EXAMPLE OF TURKEY AND SINGAPORE
This scientific article analyzes the international experience of public-private partnership (PPP) in the tourism and hospitality sector, using Turkey and Singapore as examples. Tourism is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the global economy, and PPP mechanisms play an important role in its development. The study uses comparative analysis, systematic approach, and document analysis methods. The results identify the specific features, advantages, and limitations of PPP models in the tourism sector of Turkey and Singapore, and assess the possibilities of adapting them to Uzbekistan‘s conditions. In particular, Turkey’s experience of stimulating hotel construction through the “sheritme yeri” system and 49-year long-term lease contracts, as well as Singapore‘s practice of designating tourism as a strategic direction of economic development and creating infrastructure in harmony with the private sector, are analyzed. The article develops practical recommendations for applying these experiences in Uzbekistan.
Public-private partnership, tourism, hotel industry, concession, long-term lease, infrastructure, Turkish experience, Singapore experience.
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING
This article examines the impact of social media on the development of students’ speaking skills in English language learning. In the modern educational environment, social media platforms such as Telegram, Instagram, YouTube, Facebook, WhatsApp and TikTok are no longer used only for entertainment; they have also become effective tools for communication, collaboration and language practice. The relevance of the topic is determined by the increasing need to develop students’ oral communication skills through interactive, authentic and learner-centered methods. The article analyzes how social media supports fluency, vocabulary use, pronunciation, confidence, motivation and communicative competence. Special attention is paid to the pedagogical advantages and possible limitations of using social media in English language classes. The study is based on descriptive, analytical and comparative methods. The results show that social media can positively influence students’ speaking skills when it is used purposefully, systematically and under the guidance of the teacher.
Social media, speaking skills, English language learning, communication, interaction, fluency, pronunciation, motivation, digital learning, communicative competence.
STUDY OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE COMPOSITION OF GAS SUPPLIED TO GAS-FIRED FURNACES AND MONITORING CO CONTENT IN FLUE GASES
This article investigates methods for determining the composition of gas supplied to industrial gas-fired furnaces and for monitoring the concentration of CO in flue gases in order to improve the efficiency of the combustion process. Analysis of gas composition and control of CO concentration make it possible to ensure optimal combustion conditions, reduce fuel consumption, and minimize the emission of harmful substances into the environment. The study considers the possibilities of using gas analyzers, sensors, and intelligent control methods.
Gas-fired furnace, combustion process, CO monitoring, gas analyzer, sensor, environmental monitoring.
STATUS OF THE GOLD-ORNE LOCATION AREA AT THE KYZYLALMASSAY DEPOSIT
This article investigates the occurrence conditions, geological structure, and material composition of gold ores in the Northwestern sector of the Kyzylalmasay deposit. A total of 1500 kg of technological samples were prepared from core materials obtained from 23 drill holes. Comprehensive chemical, spectral, optical-emission, fire assay, granulometric, and mineralogical analyses were conducted. The ores mainly consist of quartz, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and secondary silicification products. The main objective of the study was to determine the material composition of the ore and to justify optimal processing technologies for gold-bearing raw materials. The results provide a scientific basis for selecting efficient beneficiation and gold extraction methods.
Deposit, gold ore, mineral composition, quartz, pyrite, chalcopyrite, gold-sulfide-quartz type, technological sample, gold processing.
Combustion processes and heat release phenomena involve a scientifically grounded analysis of combustion mechanisms in chemical thermodynamics and reaction kinetics, the elementary chemical reactions occurring within them, and the quantitative and qualitative aspects of heat release. Combustion is a complex physicochemical process in which a combustible substance (fuel) reacts with an oxidizing environment, releasing large amounts of thermal and light energy. This article provides a detailed examination of the thermodynamic foundations of combustion, the chain reaction mechanism, kinetic characteristics based on the Arrhenius law, the heats of combustion of various fuels, and their practical applications. Research results demonstrate that temperature, pressure, concentration, and catalysts critically affect combustion efficiency. The environmental aspects of combustion products and energy-saving prospects are also discussed.
Combustion, heat release, exothermic reaction, heat of combustion, calorimetry, activation energy, chain reaction, flame, combustion rate, reaction kinetics.
ONTOLOGICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF NUMBER AND QUANTITY IN THE WORKS OF AL-KHWARIZMI
This article examines the ontological and gnoseological interpretation of the concepts of number and quantity in the scientific heritage of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing interest in the philosophical foundations of mathematical knowledge and the need to reconsider classical scientific thought within contemporary epistemological frameworks. The paper explores how al-Khwarizmi conceptualizes number not merely as a technical or computational tool, but as a fundamental category reflecting the structure of reality and the process of human cognition. Particular attention is devoted to the analysis of his seminal work Al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala, where numerical relations and quantitative structures are systematically organized and interpreted through logical operations. The study demonstrates that al-Khwarizmi’s approach integrates ontological assumptions about the objective existence of quantitative relations with gnoseological principles concerning their cognition, representation, and application. His treatment of number reveals a synthesis of abstraction, generalization, and practical orientation, bridging the gap between empirical reality and theoretical reasoning.
Al-Khwarizmi, number, quantity, ontology, gnoseology, epistemology, philosophy of mathematics, abstraction, cognition, Eastern Renaissance, mathematical knowledge, logical structure, scientific thought.
This article analyzes the traditional culture of the Tuvan (Tyva) people, the factors shaping its formation, and its role in social and spiritual life. The study examines the Tuvan way of life, nomadic traditions, and religious beliefs, with particular emphasis on the interaction and synthesis of Shamanism and Tibetan Buddhism. It also considers the cultural significance of national music, especially the art of Khoomei throat singing. Based on historical-ethnographic and comparative analysis, the article reveals the distinctive features of Tuvan culture.
Tuvan people, Tyva, national culture, nomadic lifestyle, Shamanism, Buddhism, Khoomei, ethnography, national character, traditional society.
All the changes that have taken place in the world and in our society since the emergence of humanity, serious reforms, evolutions that have changed the entire civilization, that is, natural or artificial transformations of society (lat. trans- transition, intermediate, form- shape, structure) have historically brought innovation, renewal and progress to humanity. In a sense, every sphere, system, profession, transformation, if carried out purposefully and clearly with an eye to the future, could show a quick and good, useful result for our people, humanity and societies as a whole. In our society, in the last decades, transformations have been carried out in various fields in a unique way, which has resulted in the development of these areas in a stable, fast, high-quality, effective, and in line with the world community (paynet, plastic cards, test system, diagnostic methods). Based on the law of continuity and continuity of development, every person has a question. Can we live comfortably in the future with today's progress in social construction? Can we achieve success in the future without today's changes, reforms, and innovations in education, in short, without transformations? The article is devoted to the study of digital transformation processes in the education system, in which concepts about digital technologies, their advantages and disadvantages, application in fields, useful aspects for the future, and brief concepts about the processes at the Siyab Abu Ali ibn Sino Public Health College are given.
Devices, digital technologies, transformation, educational process, electronic journal, student assessment, data exchange, healthcare, innovations, applications, artificial intelligence, ChatGPT, modern assessment systems. Send feedback.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL RELIABILITY OF MACHINE OPERATION
This article examines the assessment criteria for organizational and technological reliability of machine operation, as well as their theoretical and practical foundations and their significance in production processes. It is substantiated that the reliability of machines is determined not only by technical parameters but also by the level of organizational management and the stability of technological processes. The main factors characterizing organizational reliability are analyzed, including the technical maintenance system, the quality of planning, resource availability, and the human factor. Technological reliability is studied in relation to the machine’s ability to operate continuously and efficiently under specified operating conditions. In addition, the assessment of the reliability of machine complexes in earthworks, the processing of full-scale test results, and the principles of mathematical modeling are considered. The results demonstrate that these approaches are essential for improving the overall efficiency of machine systems and reducing operational costs.
Machine reliability, organizational reliability, technological reliability, assessment criteria, earthworks, machine complex, technical readiness, operation, statistical analysis, systems approach.
IMPROVEMENT OF TEACHING METHODOLOGY OF THE TOPIC IN THE SCHOOL CHEMISTRY COURSE
This article provides information about oxides, one of the most important classes of inorganic chemistry. It covers the types and classification of oxides, in particular, the specific chemical properties of basic, acidic, amphoteric and salt-free groups. Also, methods for obtaining oxides on a laboratory and industrial scale are analyzed. The article provides methodological recommendations on the use of modern pedagogical technologies in the process of teaching the topic of oxides.
Oxides, thermal decomposition, binary compounds, acid anhydrides, amphotericity, oxidation, laboratory synthesis, mineral raw materials.
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PATRIOTIC EDUCATION
This article substantiates a criteria-and-indicators framework for assessing the effectiveness of patriotic education in general secondary schools. The research aim is to design a measurable model (criteria, indicators, and data-collection tools) aligned with national policy documents and international civic education frameworks. Methods include document analysis, structuring outcomes across “knowledge–values–behaviour” components, and designing a mixed assessment approach (tests, questionnaires, observations, portfolios). The main result is an indicator matrix suitable for school-level monitoring and feedback. Conclusions address validity, transparency, and ethical requirements for educational evaluation.
Patriotic education; effectiveness; criteria; indicators; civic education; values; student engagement; monitoring; assessment design; school climate; mixed methods.
THE SCIENTIFIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF THE “THEORY OF GENERATIONS”
This article is devoted to a scientific and philosophical analysis of the concept of the “theory of generations,” which is widely applied and has attracted considerable scholarly interest in the era of globalization. The paper examines the historical origins of the term “theory of generations” and explores the psychological and moral characteristics of each generation, particularly Generations X, Y, and Z. In addition, using a survey method, the article investigates the attitudes of Generation Z (zoomers) toward social media.
STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC COMPARISON OF INSERT WORDS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Language serves not only as a tool for conveying information but also as a means of expressing attitudes, emotions, and interpersonal meanings. In this regard, certain linguistic elements play a crucial role in shaping how messages are interpreted within different cultural and communicative contexts. Among these elements, insert words stand out as important markers of discourse organization and speaker intention. This article examines the structural and semantic characteristics of insert words (parenthetical or discourse elements) in English and Uzbek, focusing on their similarities and differences in usage and function. Insert words are essential components of communication, as they help speakers to express attitudes, organize ideas, and add nuance without altering the core grammatical structure of a sentence. Using a comparative linguistic approach, the study analyzes examples from both spoken and written discourse. Notable differences emerge in their structural behavior: Uzbek insert words often integrate more closely with sentence structure and reflect the agglutinative nature of the language, showing greater morphological variation, while English insert words are generally more fixed in form and rely more heavily on punctuation for separation. Semantically, both languages employ insert words to convey certainty, doubt, emphasis, and logical connections, yet their usage is shaped by cultural and pragmatic factors, leading to variations in frequency and context. The findings highlight that although insert words in English and Uzbek fulfill similar communicative purposes, their structural realization and contextual application differ, offering valuable insights for comparative linguistics, translation studies and language learning.
Insert words, discourse markers, parenthetical elements, comparative linguistics, semantics, agglutinative language, pragmatic meaning, modality, cross-linguistic analysis, translation studies.
DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL THINKING OF PRIMARY CLASS STUDENTS THROUGH GEOMETRIC MATERIALS
This article examines the issues of developing spatial thinking of elementary school students using geometric materials. Within the framework of the development strategy of the new Uzbekistan, the importance of reforms in the education system, innovative approaches in primary education, pedagogical and psychological foundations of spatial thinking development, and practical experiences were analyzed. The problems identified during the research and proposals for their solution were given.
Primary education, spatial thinking, geometric materials, educational reforms, innovative methods, competence approach, digital technologies.
PURPOSE, COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL ANTENNA SYSTEM
This article examines the fundamental principles of operation and the key parameters of antennas used in radar systems. It describes the functions of an antenna as a device for transmitting and receiving radio waves, as well as its role in ensuring effective formation and control of signal directivity. Particular attention is given to important antenna characteristics such as the shape and size of the radiation pattern and the mechanisms for beam steering. The operating principle of the Hertzian dipole is discussed, along with its radiation pattern and the challenges associated with forming a narrow beam. The paper also addresses the technical features of radar antenna systems, including their dimensions, operating wavelength range, the shape and width of the main lobe of the radiation pattern, scanning speed, and the functioning of phased array antennas. It is emphasized that different types of radar systems employ different wavelength ranges and radiation pattern characteristics to achieve maximum efficiency under various conditions. The conclusion highlights methods of interference mitigation and the role of antennas in protection against active jamming.
Antenna System (AS); Radio waves; Receiving and transmitting antenna; Hertzian dipole; Radiation pattern (RP); Narrow beam; Effective antenna aperture; Operating wavelength range; Phased Array Antenna (PAA); Scanning speed; Interference and countermeasures; Surface-to-air missile systems (SAM systems); Electromagnetic waves (EMW); Mechanical and electronic scanning; Main lobe; Side lobes and back lobes.
A STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH (SCAFFOLDING) IN TEACHING WRITTEN TRANSLATION
This article examines the pedagogical significance of the step-by-step approach (scaffolding) in teaching written translation. The study explores the theoretical foundations of scaffolding and analyzes its role in developing students' written translation competence. Particular attention is given to the stages of scaffolded instruction, including pre-translation support, guided translation practice, and independent translation performance. The article argues that gradual instructional support helps students overcome learning difficulties, improve translation quality, and develop professional skills such as critical thinking, revision, and learner autonomy. The findings provide practical recommendations for integrating scaffolding strategies into written translation classes in order to enhance the effectiveness of translator training.
Written translation, scaffolding, step-by-step approach, translation teaching, translation competence, learner autonomy, guided practice, translator training.
Every language contains dialectal variations that reflect historical and cultural development. Uzbekistan has many regional dialects, and some of them are influenced by neighboring languages. One of the most interesting examples is the Tajik dialect historically spoken in Samarkand and Bukhara. Although Tajik is not the national language of Uzbekistan, it has been widely used in these cities for centuries. This article examines the historical origins of the Samarkand Tajik dialect, compares it with the Bukhara dialect, and discusses its social and cultural importance today. The study also highlights bilingualism among the population, where Uzbek is mainly used in education and public communication, while Tajik dialect remains common in everyday life.
Dialect, Samarkand, Bukhara, Tajik language, Uzbek language, bilingualism, linguistic heritage.
SMART PLATFORMS AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR ORGANIZING INDEPENDENT EDUCATION OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
This thesis scientifically substantiates the didactic, methodological and analytical capabilities of smart platforms in organizing independent learning of higher education students. The aim of the study is to identify ways to improve the mechanisms for planning, monitoring, and evaluating independent learning through smart platforms. The methodology used is pedagogical analysis, comparison, content analysis, and design approach. The scientific novelty lies in the systematization of the conditions for supporting individual trajectories based on a model that combines the functions of a smart platform with an independent learning cycle and learning analytics. The results show that the role of the teacher, the design of assignments, and transparent assessment criteria are crucial factors in the effectiveness of the platform.
Independent learning; smart platform; learning analytics; individual learning trajectory; digital didactics; formative assessment; self-directed learning
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERSONALITY OF A CHILD OF PRIMARY AND PRESCHOOL AGE
This article examines the developmental characteristics of personality in early childhood and preschool age. It analyzes the formation of psychological processes during this period and highlights the influence of social environment, family, and education on personality development. Special attention is given to the role of play activities, speech development, and pedagogical approaches in shaping a well-rounded personality. The article also discusses modern innovative methods used in preschool education.
Personality, development, preschool education, child psychology, social.
THE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PLAY ACTIVITY IN DEVELOPING INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
The development of interpersonal communication skills in preschool children represents one of the most critical aspects of early childhood education and socialization. This study examines the socio-psychological significance of play activity as a fundamental mechanism for fostering interpersonal communication among children aged 3–6 years. Drawing on contemporary psychological and pedagogical theories, the research explores how structured and unstructured play contributes to the formation of communicative competence, emotional intelligence, and cooperative behavior. The study employs qualitative and observational methods to analyze the role of play in enhancing children’s ability to express thoughts, negotiate, and build relationships. Findings indicate that play serves as a natural environment for communication development, enabling children to internalize social norms, practice language skills, and develop empathy. The research highlights the importance of guided play and adult facilitation in optimizing developmental outcomes. The article concludes with practical recommendations for educators and parents on integrating play-based approaches into early childhood education.
Preschool children, interpersonal communication, play activity, socio-psychological development, early childhood education.
MEDIATIZED SPIRITUALITY AS A NEW FORM OF SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS
This article examines mediatized spirituality as an emerging form of social consciousness shaped by digital communication technologies, networked media, and symbolic interaction in contemporary society. While spirituality was traditionally rooted in institutional religion, communal rituals, and localized moral frameworks, the digital age has transformed its modes of expression, transmission, and experience. Through social media, online communities, algorithmic recommendation systems, and virtual rituals, spirituality increasingly becomes mediated, individualized, and globally circulated. The article argues that mediatized spirituality should be understood not merely as a religious phenomenon, but as a broader socio-cultural transformation in which identity, values, meaning, and collective imagination are reconstructed through media environments. The study employs philosophical, sociological, and media-theoretical approaches to analyze the implications of this shift for modern social consciousness.
Mediatization, spirituality, social consciousness, digital culture, identity, media society.
PEDAGOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF STUDENTS’ CAREER GUIDANCE BASED ON THE PERSONALITY-ORIENTED EDUCATION MODEL
This article proposes the “3D Differential Education Model” (Diagnosis – Differentiation – Destination), aimed at addressing key challenges in the modern education system, such as the “conveyor” approach, the late onset of career guidance, and the neglect of students’ individual abilities. The model is based on Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Holland’s Vocational Personality Test, as well as the methodologies of the “Free Choice Room” and the “Project Test.” In addition, neurobiological foundations and brain plasticity (based on the views of E. Goziyev), along with the educational experiences of Finland, Estonia, and Singapore, are analyzed. The proposed model enables early identification of children’s abilities (ages 3–12) and provides career guidance based on a differentiated curriculum. To evaluate effectiveness, the ERTK formula has been developed, along with coefficients for motivation, practical skills, and adaptability.
Career guidance, learner-centered education, differentiated instruction, multiple intelligences, early diagnosis, neuroplasticity, mentoring, efficiency coefficient
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR REGULATING MIGRATION PROCESSES IN UZBEKISTAN
This research article analyzes migration issues and their legal foundations. It presents the factors driving migration, the institutions regulating it, and government policy in this area.
Migration, social situation, public policy, institutions, Uzbekistan, international cooperation.