Ideal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
Ideal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research is a peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal that publishes original and high-quality research across diverse academic disciplines. The journal aims to provide a common platform for researchers, academicians, and professionals to disseminate validated research findings that contribute to the advancement of knowledge. Aim & Scope The journal promotes multidisciplinary research and encourages scholarly contributions from various fields of study. Scope includes: Education, Social Sciences, Management, Commerce, Economics, Science, Technology, Engineering, Humanities, Environmental Studies, Health Sciences, and Applied Research. ISSN (E): 3054-3339 ResearchBib: 10.77
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ARTISTIC DEVICES IN THE REPRESENTATION OF THE MOTHER IMAGE IN CONTEMPORARY UZBEK POETRY
The image of the mother occupies a central place in Uzbek poetic thinking as a symbol of national identity, spirituality, kindness, and continuity of cultural values. Although numerous studies have examined the image of the mother in Uzbek literature, the functional role of artistic devices in shaping this image has not been comprehensively investigated through a comparative analysis of Muhammad Yusuf and Ibodat Rajabova. This study aims to identify and compare the poetic functions of artistic devices employed in representing the mother image in the poetry of these two contemporary Uzbek poets. The research is based on a qualitative literary analysis using comparative, structural-poetic, hermeneutic, and contextual methods. The corpus includes selected poems devoted to the mother from both authors. The findings demonstrate that Muhammad Yusuf predominantly employs metaphor, repetition, antithesis, and emotional symbolism to elevate the mother to the level of national and spiritual ideals. In contrast, Ibodat Rajabova constructs the mother image through landscape descriptions, ethnographic details, symbolic objects, and psychological imagery, emphasizing memory, domestic space, and cultural continuity. The comparative analysis reveals both common national values and distinctive individual poetic styles. The study contributes to contemporary Uzbek literary criticism by systematizing the artistic mechanisms through which the mother image is created and interpreted in modern poetry.
Mother image, Uzbek poetry, artistic devices, metaphor, symbolism, landscape, Muhammad Yusuf, Ibodat Rajabova.
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THE REGIONAL STRATEGY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IN CENTRAL ASIA POLITICAL FACTORS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
This article analyzes the policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran toward Central Asia through political, geopolitical, cultural and economic factors. It examines Iran’s regional approach, the internal and external conditions influencing its formation, and the development dynamics of Iran’s relations with the states of the region.
Regionalism, Iranian plateau, OPEC, exporting the Islamic revolution, deviant actor, Corpejer–Kurt-Kuy, selective character.
PREDICTORS OF LEARNING MOTIVATION AND SOCIAL ADAPTATION AMONG LEARNERS WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS THROUGH AN EVIDENCE-BASED EDUCATIONAL FRAMEWORK
Learning motivation and social adaptation are among the most influential factors affecting the educational success of learners with visual impairments. However, limited empirical evidence exists regarding the educational predictors that simultaneously influence these developmental outcomes within specialized educational settings. This study aims to identify the key predictors of learning motivation and social adaptation among learners with visual impairments through an evidence-based educational framework. A mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study involved 151 primary-level learners with visual impairments enrolled in specialized educational institutions in Uzbekistan. Data were collected using pedagogical observations, structured interviews, questionnaires, individualized developmental assessments, and classroom performance records. The proposed evidence-based framework examined the predictive role of individualized instructional practices, continuous pedagogical assessment, psychological support, adaptive educational technologies, teacher–learner interaction, and family involvement in shaping learners' motivation and social adaptation. Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression procedures, were applied to determine the relative contribution of each predictor. The findings indicate that individualized instructional support, continuous formative assessment, adaptive educational technologies, and positive teacher–learner relationships were the strongest predictors of learning motivation and successful social adaptation. Learners who received systematic individualized support Learning motivation and social adaptation are among the most influential factors affecting the educational success of learners with visual impairments. However, limited empirical evidence exists regarding the educational predictors that simultaneously influence these developmental outcomes within specialized educational settings. This study aims to identify the key predictors of learning motivation and social adaptation among learners with visual impairments through an evidence-based educational framework. A mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study involved 151 primary-level learners with visual impairments enrolled in specialized educational institutions in Uzbekistan. Data were collected using pedagogical observations, structured interviews, questionnaires, individualized developmental assessments, and classroom performance records. The proposed evidence-based framework examined the predictive role of individualized instructional practices, continuous pedagogical assessment, psychological support, adaptive educational technologies, teacher–learner interaction, and family involvement in shaping learners' motivation and social adaptation. Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression procedures, were applied to determine the relative contribution of each predictor. The findings indicate that individualized instructional support, continuous formative assessment, adaptive educational technologies, and positive teacher–learner relationships were the strongest predictors of learning motivation and successful social adaptation. Learners who received systematic individualized support
Learning motivation, social adaptation, educational predictors, evidence-based education, visual impairment, individualized instruction, special education, learner engagement. Introduction
EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE INITIAL TECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF WHEAT GRAIN WITH LOW BAKING PROPERTIES
The article experimentally evaluated the initial technological capabilities of wheat grain of "Asr" and "Alekseich" varieties, grown in various regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan and characterized by reduced baking properties. In the course of the research, the main technological indicators were determined, such as natural weight, moisture, quantity and quality of raw gluten, falling number, vitreousness, ash content and weight of 1000 grains, as well as their statistical analysis was carried out. that the natural weight of grain varied within the range of 759.3–788.3 g/l, the content of crude gluten was 24.4–26.0%, and the falling number varied from 405.0 to 518.5 s. High values of the falling number indicate low activity of α-amylase, which can to a certain extent adversely affect the gas-forming ability of the dough. At the same time, it was established that the studied wheat samples have a certain technological potential and can be used for the production of high-grade flour. The results obtained are of great scientific and practical importance for the comprehensive assessment of wheat grain with reduced baking properties and the development of scientific foundations for improving its technological characteristics.
Wheat grain, baking properties, technological potential, gluten, falling number, vitreousness, natural weight.
ORGANISING THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION SETTINGS: PRINCIPLES, MODELS AND PRACTICES
Background: The organisation of the educational process in inclusive settings remains one of the foremost challenges in contemporary pedagogy. While international policy frameworks strongly advocate for inclusive schooling, the translation of these principles into coherent, day-to-day classroom practice requires systematic attention to curriculum design, instructional methodology, physical environment, professional collaboration, and assessment. Objectives: This article aims to (1) analyse the foundational principles guiding the organisation of inclusive education; (2) examine evidence-based models for structuring teaching and learning in diverse classrooms; (3) review instructional strategies and environmental adaptations that facilitate full learner participation; and (4) present findings from a two-year observational and survey-based study conducted in Uzbek mainstream schools (2022–2024). Methods: A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 148 teachers across 15 inclusive schools via a validated Inclusive Classroom Organisation Scale (ICOS). Qualitative data comprised classroom observations (n = 60) and semi-structured interviews with teachers (n = 18), school administrators (n = 6), and parents (n = 14). Results: Findings indicate that structured lesson planning informed by Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles, combined with collaborative co-teaching arrangements and differentiated assessment practices, significantly improved both academic engagement (η² = 0.19) and social participation (η² = 0.21) among students with special educational needs (SEN). Systemic barriers — notably inadequate specialist staffing, large class sizes, and insufficient curricular flexibility — were identified as primary impediments to effective organisation. Conclusions: Effective organisation of the inclusive educational process demands a whole-school, systemic approach underpinned by clear leadership, specialist expertise, flexible curricula, and sustained professional development.
Inclusive education; educational process organisation; Universal Design for Learning; co-teaching; differentiated instruction; special educational needs; adaptive curriculum; Uzbekistan.
SOME ISSUES OF CHEMISTRY TEACHING IN THE CONTEXT OF ITS METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
This article discusses key issues of chemistry teaching in the context of modern methodological problems of chemical science. The role of chemistry in the system of natural sciences and its relationship with physics and biology are highlighted. The importance of chemical atomism, educational standards, and the improvement of chemistry education is emphasized. Particular attention is paid to experimental training, interdisciplinary integration, and modern educational technologies. The study underlines the significance of developing chemical literacy, culture, and thinking.
Chemistry education, methodology of chemistry, chemical atomism, chemical literacy, interdisciplinary relations, chemical thinking, educational standards.
APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN ADOLESCENTS DURING THE PROCESS OF LEARNING QUICKLY DEVELOPING LANGUAGES
This article observes the psychological processes in adolescents that occur during the process of learning several foreign languages in addition to their native tongue, which are rapidly developing today, Annotation. This article presents ideas for observing, analyzing, gaining a general understanding of, and implementing the positive effects on adolescents' psyches of the psychological processes that occur during the process of learning several foreign languages in addition to their native language, a process that is rapidly developing today.
Foreign language, early language learning, psychological characteristics, primary age, adolescence, motivation, self-confidence, language competence, stress reduction, and creating a comfortable learning environment.
CENTRALIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEM CONTROL DEVICE AND ITS SOFTWARE: DEVELOPMENT OF A FLOW CHART AND APPLICATION OF A REMOTE WATER DISTRIBUTION MONITORING SYSTEM
This paper deals with the development of a system for managing water distribution networks in irrigation areas on the basis of centralized monitoring. The proposed hardware and software solution is implemented in the form of an algorithmic flowchart and provides data collection in real time. The device is equipped with sensors for measuring key parameters, such as water discharge, pressure, temperature and salinity of the soil. Automate analysis and decision-making processes, promoting sustainable irrigation and increasing agricultural productivity.
Water, channel, water line, humidity sensor, radio wave, soil sensor, mineralization, mobile application, data transmission, flowchart.
REPRESENTATION OF CULTURAL UNITS IN NATIONAL CLOTHING NAMES
National clothing serves as an important marker of cultural identity, reflecting the history, traditions, values, and worldview of a particular people. The names of traditional garments are not merely linguistic labels but also cultural units that preserve ethnocultural information accumulated over centuries. This article examines the representation of cultural units in national clothing names and analyzes their linguistic and cultural significance. The study demonstrates that clothing names function as carriers of cultural knowledge and contribute to the preservation of national heritage. The research employs linguistic, ethnographic, and linguocultural approaches to reveal the relationship between language, culture, and traditional dress.
National clothing, cultural units, linguoculturology, ethnoculture, clothing names, cultural heritage, linguistic representation.
HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF BRITAIN
This article explores the historical and cultural development of Britain from prehistoric times to the early Middle Ages. Alongside a chronological overview, the study provides a cultural analysis of ancient British society, focusing on belief systems, social structures, language formation, and intercultural influences. The research demonstrates how migration, conquest, and environmental changes shaped not only political history but also the cultural identity of Britain.
Ancient Britain, cultural analysis, Celts, Roman Britain, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, linguoculture, identity, early civilizations.
THE INFLUENCE OF RUNNING TECHNIQUE IN RACING ATHLETICS ON SPORTS RESULTS
This article presents the results of a pedagogical study on studying the influence of the level of technical preparedness of short-distance runners on sports results. In it, the ways of identifying and eliminating errors and shortcomings made by short-distance runners were shown, and attention was paid to revealing on the histogram the frequency of hand movement steps in running technique, the length and number of steps, running cadence, the dynamics of results when running every 10 meters of a 100-meter distance, and the degree of influence on sports results.
Short-distance running, running technique, step frequency, number and length, running cadence, athletes, sports results and mistakes
THE VIEWS OF EASTERN PHILOSOPHERS ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE: A HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
The article analyzes the views of Eastern thinkers on traditional medicine based on a historical and anthropological approach. In particular, the medical works of such scientists as Abu Ali ibn Sina, Abu Bakr ar–Razi, Muhammad ibn Fulad Tabib Samarqandi, Abu Rayhan Beruni explore the ideas of traditional medicine, the use of medicinal plants, and the treatment of diseases. The article also analyzes the importance of medical views put forward by Eastern scientists in modern medicine and the public health system.
Traditional medicine, Abu Ali ibn Sina, medicinal plants, ethnoculture, healthy lifestyle, traditional methods of treatment, medical knowledge.
DIGITAL ECOSYSTEMS AS A DRIVER OF ECONOMIC INTERACTION TRANSFORMATION
The article examines digital ecosystems as a key mechanism for transforming modern economic interactions in the context of the emerging digital economy. The relevance of the study is determined by the accelerated development of platform-based business models, the growing role of data, and changes in the institutional structure of markets, which lead to a reconsideration of traditional forms of coordination of economic activity. Digital ecosystems are analyzed as complex socio-economic systems that integrate producers, consumers, government institutions, and technological intermediaries within a unified digital environment. The paper substantiates that digital ecosystems create new mechanisms for generating and distributing value added, reduce transaction costs, and strengthen network effects, thereby transforming the nature of competition and cooperation among economic agents. Particular attention is paid to the institutional aspects of digital ecosystem functioning, data governance issues, and the role of digital platforms in the redistribution of economic power. The findings may be used in developing business digital transformation strategies and shaping public policy in the field of the digital economy.
Digital economy; digital ecosystems; platform business models; economic interactions; network effects; data as an economic resource; institutional transformation; digital markets.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONALLY ORIENTED TEXTS FOR DEVELOPING PHILOLOGY STUDENTS’ READING COMPETENCE
The article examines the criteria for selecting academic and professionally oriented texts aimed at developing reading competence among philology students. It argues that text selection should be based not only on topic relevance, but also on language level, linguistic complexity, terminological density, professional value, communicative potential, and suitability for digital learning environments. The paper emphasizes that a carefully selected text functions as a key didactic resource for developing linguistic, cognitive, strategic, and professional reading skills.
Reading competence; academic text; professionally oriented text; text selection; philology students; English language; CEFR; ICT; linguodidactics; reading strategies.
FEATURES OF THE MANIFESTATION OF RELIGIOUS XENOPHOBIA IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
This article analyzes the issues of manifestation of religious xenophobia in the era of globalization. In today's period, research within the framework of this topic plays an important role. The article mainly covers the main aspects and conclusions of the dissertation entitled "Religious xenophobia and features of its manifestation in the era of globalization" and serves to form a holistic picture in the reader on the topic. In particular, the article covers such issues as the relevance and necessity of the topic of the dissertation, the degree of study of the problem, the tasks of the study, the scientific novelty of the study, the practical result of the study, the scientific and practical significance of the research results and so on. In the study of the problem of xenophobia, research has been conducted in the fields of philosophy, history, pedagogy, psychology, law, religion, which shows that it has a coverage based on an interdisciplinary approach.
Religious xenophobia, globalization, islamophobia, religious freedom, confessional, culture of communication.
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS: THE ROLE AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF BIOGAS TECHNOLOGIES
This article analyzes the role of biogas technologies in the alternative energy system, their historical stages of development, and modern development trends. The article covers the initial fermentation processes that arose in ancient China and India based on the processing of organic waste, scientific research conducted in the 17th–19th centuries, and the industrial application of biogas technologies in the 20th century. It also analyzes the development of biogas energy in Europe, the USA, China, and India, its role in the system of renewable energy sources, and the state policy and regulatory framework for the development of this sector in Uzbekistan. The article highlights the importance of biogas technologies in ensuring environmental safety, increasing energy efficiency, and developing a “green economy”.
Biogas, anaerobic digestion, methane, renewable energy, alternative energy, biogas plant, green economy, energy efficiency, development trends.
RESOLUTION OF THE ISOMORPHISM CONJECTURE FOR GRADED LEAVITT PATH ALGEBRAS OF DIRECTED GRAPHS WITH SINKS
The Isomorphism Conjecture for Leavitt path algebras (LPAs) posits that for finite graphs, the algebraic structure of is completely determined by the graph's Cokernel group, representing the algebraic analogue of the Kirchberg-Phillips classification theorem for graph -algebras. While the conjecture has been intensively investigated for essential graphs (graphs lacking sinks and sources), its validity under the natural -grading for graphs containing terminal sinks remains an open and mathematically challenging problem. In this paper, we settle an open problem in the structural theory of Leavitt path algebras by proving that for any pair of finite directed graphs and possessing at least one sink, a -graded -algebra isomorphism exists if and only if there is a graded structural equivalence preserving both the path ideal growth and the graded -group framework. We establish this by explicitly constructing a monoid-theoretic invariant based on the path space projection of the boundary ideals. This result provides a complete classification of graded LPAs for finite graphs with sinks, filling a critical gap in non-commutative ring theory and symbolic dynamics.
Leavitt path algebra, Open problem solved, -graded isomorphism, Directed graph, Sink, Monoid invariant, -theory.
APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND ALGORITHMIC APPROACHES IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
This article examines the practical significance of mathematical modeling and algorithmic approaches in the development, optimization, and management of information technologies. In the context of digital transformation, mathematics serves not only as a theoretical foundation but also as an applied instrument for solving complex computational, economic, analytical, and managerial problems. Mathematical models make it possible to represent real technological processes in a formal structure, predict system behavior, evaluate risks, and support decision-making under conditions of uncertainty. Algorithmic approaches, in turn, provide a logical sequence of operations for processing data, automating calculations, optimizing resources, and improving the efficiency of information systems. The article focuses on the role of modeling, optimization methods, graph theory, probability theory, statistics, numerical methods, and algorithm design in modern information technology practices. Special attention is given to the relevance of these approaches for economic universities, where mathematical and digital competencies are becoming essential for preparing specialists capable of working with data-driven systems, business analytics, financial technologies, and automated management platforms. The study emphasizes that the integration of mathematical thinking with information technologies contributes to the formation of analytical competence, technological literacy, and innovative problem-solving skills.
Mathematical modeling, algorithmic approach, information technologies, optimization, data analysis, digital transformation, computational methods, economic systems.
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNE DYSREGULATION IN METABOLIC SYNDROME: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS, AND EMERGING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS
Metabolic syndrome, defined by the co-occurrence of central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, represents one of the most prevalent and clinically consequential conditions of the twenty-first century, affecting over one billion individuals globally and conferring dramatically elevated risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain malignancies. Mounting evidence positions chronic low-grade inflammation and immune dysregulation as central mechanistic drivers of metabolic syndrome pathogenesis, linking adipose tissue dysfunction, gut microbiome alterations, and innate immune activation in a self-reinforcing cycle of metabolic deterioration. This review synthesizes current understanding of the immunological underpinnings of metabolic syndrome, examining the roles of pro-inflammatory adipokines, macrophage polarization, inflammasome activation, and adaptive immune dysregulation in disease progression. The contributions of visceral adipose tissue as an immunologically active organ, the gut microbiome as a modulator of systemic inflammation, and epigenetic regulation of inflammatory gene networks are examined in depth. Emerging biomarkers of inflammo-metabolic risk, including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, and novel adipokine panels, are discussed in the context of clinical risk stratification. Therapeutic strategies targeting the inflammatory axis of metabolic syndrome, including lifestyle interventions, anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and microbiome-modulating approaches, are evaluated against current evidence. This review underscores the imperative of integrating immunological profiling into metabolic syndrome management and highlights unresolved questions for future translational research.
metabolic syndrome, examining the roles of pro-inflammatory adipokines, macrophage polarization, inflammasome activation, and adaptive immune dysregulation in disease progression.
THE CRITICAL STATE OF WATER RESOURCES IN OUR COUNTRY AND MEASURES TO ELIMINATE IT
The article discusses the scarcity of water resources in our country and measures to address it.
Nature, discipline, technique, suv, Central Asia, region, population, tariff, life, field, steppe, resource, meteorology, hydraulic engineering, reformation, ecology.
ELLIPSIS AND COMPRESSION AS STYLISTIC DEVICES OF LEXICAL ECONOMY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This article explores ellipsis and compression as prominent stylistic devices of lexical economy within a comparative framework of the English and Uzbek languages. Driven by the linguistic principle of least effort, both languages employ various syntactic and morphological shortening mechanisms to achieve communicative efficiency. However, their structural typologies-English being primarily analytic and Uzbek being highly agglutinative-significantly influence how these devices operate. Through a qualitative and contrastive analysis of literary texts, colloquial speech, and media discourse, this study examines the structural, semantic, and pragmatic features of elliptical constructions and lexical compression. The findings reveal that while English relies heavily on structural ellipsis and clipping due to its rigid word order, Uzbek frequently utilizes morphological compression, word-inflection omissions, and semantic elliptical structures rooted in contextual clues.
Lexical economy, Ellipsis, Linguistic compression, Comparative linguistics, Stylistic devices, English language, Uzbek language, Principle of least effort, Structural typology.
THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN FORMING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
This article examines the role of physical education in forming a healthy lifestyle among primary school students. In primary education, physical education is not limited to the development of motor skills; it also serves as an important pedagogical factor in strengthening pupils’ health, improving discipline, shaping hygienic habits, developing social cooperation, and encouraging conscious attitudes toward daily physical activity. The article emphasizes that the formation of a healthy lifestyle begins from the early school years, when children acquire stable behavioral patterns related to movement, nutrition, rest, personal hygiene, emotional balance, and active participation in learning and social life. Physical education lessons create favorable conditions for developing endurance, agility, coordination, flexibility, and strength, while also teaching children to follow rules, respect classmates, act safely, and understand the value of health. Special attention is given to the pedagogical significance of age-appropriate exercises, active games, outdoor activities, health-saving technologies, and teacher-guided motivational methods. The article argues that systematic and well-organized physical education in primary school contributes to the harmonious development of the child and becomes a foundation for lifelong health-oriented behavior.
Primary education, physical education, healthy lifestyle, motor activity, health-saving pedagogy, active games, physical development, hygienic habits, child development.
STATE FUNCTIONS: REGULATION, STANDARDIZATION, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, PROMOTION OF TOURISM PRODUCT
This scientific article analyzes the main functions of the state in the tourism and hotel industry – regulation, standardization, financial support, and promotion of tourism products. Tourism is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the global economy, and the coordinating and supporting role of the state in its development is of great importance. The study uses comparative analysis, systematic approach, statistical analysis, and document analysis methods. Institutional reforms, improvements in the regulatory framework, implementation of international standards and certification systems, tax incentives, subsidies and grants mechanisms, as well as measures taken to develop the tourism brand and promote it internationally in the Republic of Uzbekistan are analyzed. The research results substantiate the interdependence of these four main functions of the state and their importance for the sustainable development of the tourism sector. Practical recommendations for promising areas of industry development are developed in the article.
Regulation, standardization, financial support, promotion of tourism products, tourism policy, hotel industry, certification, subsidies, Uzbekistan.
CYBERSECURITY AND INFORMATION PROTECTION ISSUES IN THE DIGITAL SOCIETY
This article analyzes the role of cybersecurity in modern society, the threats associated with the rapid development of digital technologies, and the issues of ensuring information security. The paper also examines the main forms of cybercrime and their negative impact on governments, organizations, and personal data. During the research process, international experience, legal and regulatory documents, and modern cyber protection mechanisms were studied. The findings justify the necessity of a comprehensive approach and the improvement of digital literacy in ensuring information security.
Cybersecurity, information security, cybercrime, digital technologies, data protection, internet, cyberattack.
METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING HEALTH INSURANCE MECHANISMS IN RESULTS-ORIENTED BUDGETING IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of improving health insurance mechanisms in the context of a results-oriented budgeting system. The issues of effective use of financial resources in the health care system, improving the quality of medical services provided to the population, and ensuring the economic efficiency of health insurance mechanisms are covered. The article also develops priority areas of results-oriented budgeting based on international experience and proposals and recommendations for the development of the health insurance system in Uzbekistan.
Result-oriented budgeting, health insurance, health care system, financial mechanism, budget efficiency, quality of medical services, public finance, insurance funds, innovative management, economic efficiency.
THE INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING LISTENING SKILLS: CHALLENGES AND PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
The integration of digital technologies has significantly reshaped the teaching of listening skills in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context. This article examines both the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of digital tools in listening instruction. While technologies such as multimedia resources, interactive platforms, and adaptive learning systems enhance learner autonomy and provide authentic input, issues such as limited access, cognitive overload, and insufficient teacher training remain critical concerns. The study also highlights key pedagogical implications, emphasizing the importance of a balanced and learner-centered approach. Effective integration requires aligning technological tools with sound pedagogical principles.
Digital technologies, EFL, listening skills, listening comprehension, pedagogy, learner autonomy.
THE CONCEPT OF “LOVE” IN THE LYRICS OF THE POET AJINIYAZ
The linguocultural and semantic features of the concept of "love" in the language of the works of Ajiniyaz Qosibay ulı are analyzed. In the poet's work, the verbalization of the concept of love through feelings towards the beloved, homeland, and people is revealed, and the features of the use of stylistic devices such as metaphor, simile, and hyperbole are revealed.
Linguoculturology, concept, concept of love, verbalization, homeland, metaphor, works of Ajiniyaz.
THE ROLE OF THE GUT MICROBIOME IN PEDIATRIC DISEASES: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES
The gut microbiome — the complex community of trillions of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract — plays a central role in immune education, metabolic regulation, and neurodevelopment from the earliest stages of life. Disruptions in microbiome composition, termed dysbiosis, have been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of pediatric conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, allergic disorders, obesity, autism spectrum disorder, and recurrent infections. This review synthesizes current evidence on the establishment and development of the gut microbiome in childhood, mechanisms by which dysbiosis contributes to disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, dietary interventions, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Early-life factors such as mode of delivery, breastfeeding, antibiotic exposure, and environmental microbiome diversity are recognized as critical determinants of microbiome composition with long-term health consequences. Metagenomics, metabolomics, and multi-omics integration have advanced understanding of microbiome-host interactions at unprecedented resolution. Despite remarkable progress, significant challenges persist in translating microbiome research into standardized clinical interventions, including individual variability, lack of prospective randomized trials in pediatric populations, and regulatory complexity. This review underscores the transformative potential of microbiome-targeted approaches for pediatric disease prevention and treatment while emphasizing the need for rigorous evidence generation and personalized implementation strategies.
inflammatory bowel disease, allergic disorders, obesity, autism spectrum disorder, and recurrent infections
METHODOLOGY FOR UTILIZING DIGITAL INTERACTIVE TOOLS IN SOLVING CHEMICAL PROBLEMS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the methodological aspects of integrating interactive digital tools into the chemistry education process. In the context of the total digitalization of the educational space, the transformation of traditional methods for solving calculation and experimental problems is of particular importance. The author provides a detailed justification and description of the methodology for integrating virtual laboratory complexes, molecular constructors, and dynamic simulations. An original algorithm for implementing these tools is presented, aimed at visualizing microscopic processes and intensifying the cognitive activity of students. Experimental data confirm a significant increase in the quality of material mastery and the development of research competencies among learners.
digital didactics, interactive learning, virtual laboratories, chemistry teaching methodology, solving calculation problems, ICT competence, STEM education, pedagogical experiment.
METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS AND MEASURES FOR THEIR MODERNIZATION
This article analyzes methods for improving the performance of centrifugal pumps and measures for their enhancement. The main issues arising during pump operation, including abrasive wear, erosion, hydraulic losses, and structural deficiencies, are examined. In addition, possibilities for increasing pump efficiency are studied, such as improving impeller design, using wear-resistant materials, optimizing hydrodynamic processes, and implementing vibration monitoring and diagnostic systems. The results of this study contribute to improving the reliability and energy efficiency of centrifugal pumps
Centrifugal pump, impeller, abrasive wear, erosion, vibration, hydraulic efficiency, pump diagnostics.