Prima Journal of Integrated Studies is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes research integrating knowledge across disciplines. The journal encourages holistic, applied, and integrative research approaches that bridge theoretical and practical perspectives. Aim & Scope The journal aims to promote integrated and collaborative research addressing contemporary academic and societal issues. Scope includes: Integrated Social Sciences, Humanities, Management, Economics, Science and Technology, Environmental Studies, Health Studies, Policy Research, and Applied Interdisciplinary Studies. ISSN (E): 3054-338X ResearchBib: 10.82
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THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE ARMED FORCES IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN KHANATES (THE CASE OF THE KHIVA KHANATE)
This article examines the military forces of the Khiva Khanate, focusing on their structure and functions. The organization of the army, types of military units, command system, and the level of armament are analyzed. In addition, the role of the Khiva Khanate’s military forces in maintaining internal stability and defending the state against external threats is highlighted. The article is based on historical sources and aims to identify the distinctive features of the military system of the Khiva Khanate.
Khiva Khanate, military forces, military ranks, dodkhokh, artillery, ellikboshi, command system, beglerbegi, yasovulbashi, cannon.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STATE YOUTH POLICY IN UZBEKISTAN: FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND OUTCOMES
This article examines the formation, evolution, and outcomes of state youth policy in the Republic of Uzbekistan from the years of independence to the present day. The study analyzes the legal, institutional, and programmatic foundations of youth policy, with particular attention to the qualitative shift that occurred after 2016 within the framework of the “New Uzbekistan” development strategy. Using methods of analysis and synthesis, historical-comparative analysis, and generalization of statistical data, the article identifies the principal stages of youth policy development, evaluates the role of youth institutions, and outlines the socio-political and socio-economic results achieved. The findings show that youth policy in Uzbekistan has evolved from a fragmented, transitional framework into a comprehensive strategic mechanism integrating education, employment, civic engagement, and digital innovation, while several institutional and implementation challenges remain to be addressed.
Youth policy, Uzbekistan, New Uzbekistan strategy, youth institutions, civic engagement, employment, education, digitalization.
Scientific Advisor: PhD Madina Choriyeva
THE SEMANTIC FIELD OF THE CONCEPT OF TRAVEL: A COMPARISON OF GERMAN AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This article analyzes the semantic field of the concept “travel” based on materials from the German and Uzbek languages. Special attention is paid to the lexical-semantic means expressing this concept as well as their linguocultural features.
Concept, semantic field, travel concept, linguoculturology, cognitive linguistics.
TAKING ADVANTAGE OF OPPORTUNITIES IN THE ERA OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
This article analyzes the concept of the digital economy, the stages of its formation and its place in modern society. The impact of new opportunities arising from the rapid development of digital technologies - e-commerce, remote services, digital financial instruments, artificial intelligence and big data analysis - on the business environment, public administration and the quality of life of the population is highlighted. It also examines the state policy implemented in Uzbekistan to develop the digital economy, ways to effectively use existing opportunities and problems encountered in this area. At the end of the article, proposals are developed on the institutional and legal conditions necessary for the full use of digital opportunities.
Digital economy, digital technologies, e-commerce, digitization, artificial intelligence, information and communication technologies, digital transformation, innovation
INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND THERMAL SAFETY IN NEXT-GENERATION BUILDINGS
This article examines the role of intelligent management systems in improving the energy efficiency and thermal safety of next-generation buildings. The study explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), Digital Twin technology, and smart monitoring tools in energy management processes. The findings indicate that these technologies contribute to optimizing energy consumption, enhancing the reliability of thermal systems, and reducing operational costs. The study further demonstrates that integrating energy efficiency and thermal safety within a unified digital management environment is a key approach to improving the operational performance and sustainability of modern buildings.
Next-generation buildings, energy efficiency, thermal safety, intelligent management systems, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Digital Twin, smart buildings, energy management, digital technologies.
IMPROVING THE CONSUMER PROPERTIES OF FOOD PRODUCTS: MODERN STRATEGIES, TECHNOLOGIES, AND EVALUATION METHODS
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of modern approaches to improving the consumer properties of food products. Three key areas are considered: the use of edible coatings to preserve the quality of fruit and vegetable products, the use of secondary food industry resources to enrich traditional products, and the implementation of innovative quality management methods (QFD, qualimetric forecasting). Particular attention is paid to methods for assessing sensory characteristics and studying consumer preferences. This work is based on an analysis of relevant scientific publications (2019–2026) and contains practical recommendations for food manufacturers.
Consumer properties; edible coatings; functional foods; sensory analysis; quality management; food additives.
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURAL DECORATIVE ART IN CENTRAL ASIA: 14TH–17TH CENTURIES
This article analyzes the Islamic architectural decorative art that developed in Central Asia in the 14th–17th centuries and its artistic features. The study examines the decorative elements of architectural monuments built during the Timurid and subsequent dynasties, including tiling, ganch carving, pattern art, calligraphy, and geometric ornaments. It also sheds light on the religious and philosophical content of decorative art, its aesthetic principles, and its role in the cultural development of the region. The results of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of the history of Islamic architecture and decorative and applied arts in Central Asia.
Central Asia, Islamic architecture, architectural decorative art, Timurid period, tilework, ganch carving, pattern art, calligraphy, geometric ornaments, architectural monuments, decorative and applied arts, cultural heritage.
INTEGRATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION: FROM ADAPTIVE LEARNING TO HYBRID MODELS (BASED ON EMPIRICAL STUDIES IN RUSSIA, IRAN, INDONESIA, AND CHINA)
This article examines the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in contemporary education. Based on a critical synthesis of four empirical studies conducted in Russia, Iran, Indonesia, and China, the paper analyzes the adaptive potential of AI, the risks of algorithmic bias, and cultural irrelevance. A three-level hybrid model for the distribution of functions between the teacher and neural networks is proposed (technical-diagnostic, interpretative-adaptive, and motivational-reflective levels). It is argued that the effectiveness of the educational system in the digital age is determined not by the power of AI but by the quality of pedagogical design and the preservation of human-centered values.
Artificial intelligence, adaptive learning, hybrid model, pedagogical design, cultural relevance, SPEAK-BOT, intelligent tutoring systems.
BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD FLOW AND IMPACT ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
In progress blood of the flow main biomechanical features , including viscosity , Poiseuille Reynolds 's law turbulence criteria and vein of the wall elasticity in detail seeing Blood is released . of the flow disorders with related cardiological pathologies and their prevent to take methods analysis will be done.
biomechanics , blood flow , viscosity , rheology , artery , Reynolds number , atherosclerosis , cardiovascular vein system , hemodynamics.
THE ROLE OF OUR NATIONAL VALUES IN SHAPING THE SPIRITUALITY OF YOUNG PEOPLE
This article examines the role of national values in shaping the spirituality of young people. National values are analyzed as a system of moral, cultural, social and educational principles that influence the worldview, behavior, identity and civic responsibility of the younger generation. The article emphasizes that respect for parents and elders, family solidarity, hospitality, diligence, patriotism, tolerance, honesty, modesty and responsibility are not only traditional moral categories, but also important pedagogical resources in modern education.
National values, spirituality, young people, moral education, identity, family, patriotism, education, cultural heritage.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOTEL INDUSTRY
This scientific article analyzes the role of public administration in the development of the hotel industry, its main directions, mechanisms, and effectiveness. As a key component of tourism infrastructure, the hotel industry has a multiplicative impact on many sectors of the economy. The study uses comparative analysis, systematic approach, and document analysis methods. Institutional reforms, tax and customs benefits, subsidies and grants, infrastructure development programs, as well as target indicators set in the “Uzbekistan – 2030” strategy are analyzed using the example of Uzbekistan. The research shows that the main functions of public administration are creating a favorable investment climate, shaping the regulatory framework, implementing international standards, and monitoring service quality. The importance of a systematic approach to state support of the hotel industry, as well as the need to study advanced foreign experiences and adapt them to national conditions, is also substantiated. Practical recommendations for promising areas of industry development are developed in the article.
Hotel industry, public administration, tourism policy, investment climate, regulatory framework, international standards, subsidies, Uzbekistan.
USE OF RE-STORYTELLING METHODS IN DEVELOPING CHILDREN'S CONNECTED SPEECH IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
This article extensively and deeply studies the issues of effective use of retelling methods in the development of children's coherent speech in preschool educational organizations. The theoretical and basic concepts of the retelling methodology, related practical methods, psychological and pedagogical foundations of the formation of children's coherent speech, its role in the development of the culture of thinking, expressive skills and creative approaches of students, pedagogical experiences, innovative demonstration methods, ways to introduce techniques that give the best results are discussed. At the end of the article, a conclusion, important recommendations and modern literature sources are given.
Retelling, coherent speech, preschool education, development of oral speech, pedagogical methodology, creative thinking, communicative skills.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DEVELOPING READING SKILLS IN THE EDUCATIONAL FRAMEWORK
This article explores the relevance of teaching reading skills in the educational process. It examines the general understanding of reading as a form of speech activity and highlights how teachers should structure the educational process to achieve optimal results.
Method, reading, approach, information, development, language, process, content, literature.
ENHANCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE AND IMPROVING LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE IN OUR COUNTRY
This article analyzes the importance of enhancing the development of the native language and improving linguistic competence in the context of globalization. It examines the role of education, technology, media, and government policies in strengthening language use. The study also identifies existing challenges and proposes effective strategies for preserving and developing the native language in modern society.
Native language, linguistic competence, language development, education system, language policy, globalization, cultural heritage, communication, language culture.
METHODOLOGY FOR IMPLEMENTING A GREEN LOGISTICS SYSTEM IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES AND EVALUATING ITS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
This article develops an integrated methodology for implementing a green logistics system in industrial enterprises and evaluating its economic efficiency. The study proposes an index that integrates economic, environmental, and operational indicators into a single system. In addition, methods are developed for calculating both the direct and indirect economic benefits of implementing a green logistics system. The proposed methodology facilitates efficient use of resources in industrial enterprises, reduces logistics costs, and ensures environmental sustainability, demonstrating that green logistics is effective not only environmentally but also economically.
Green logistics, economic efficiency, environmental efficiency, logistics costs, integrated assessment, industrial enterprises.
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF HUMANITY IN THE CREATION OF AN OPTIMAL MODEL OF CRIMINAL SANCTIONS
This article analyzes the role and importance of the principle of humanity in the formation of an optimal model of criminal law sanctions. The issues of proportionality, sparing of repression, individualization of punishment, and taking into account the level of social danger of a crime in the formation of criminal law sanctions are scientifically covered. The need to classify crimes according to their social danger, distinguish between intentional and negligent crimes is also substantiated. The importance of taking into account the nature of the crime, the harm caused, the form of guilt, and the characteristics of the guilty person when determining sanctions is emphasized. The article shows the need to expand alternative punishment measures, increase judicial discretion, and strengthen the preventive function of punishment in the formation of an optimal model of sanctions. On this basis, scientific conclusions are formulated aimed at humanizing and improving criminal legislation.
Criminal law sanctions, determination of punishment, lower and upper limits of punishment, categories of crime, criminalization of the act, ideal model of sanction, crime policy, individualization of punishment.
Madmusayev Muhammadyusuf Shohjakhon o’g’li
THE USE OF MILITARY TERMINOLOGY IN UZBEK PRESS: STRUCTURAL, SEMANTIC, AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
The study of military terminology in mass media has become increasingly relevant in modern linguistics due to the expansion of military-political discourse, global security issues, and the growing role of the press in shaping public understanding of defense-related concepts. This article investigates the use of military terminology in Uzbek press materials, focusing on structural, semantic, and functional aspects of terminological units. Using qualitative and quantitative content analysis, materials from leading Uzbek newspapers and online publications were examined to identify the frequency, adaptation, contextual transformation, and communicative functions of military terms. The findings reveal that Uzbek media actively employs both native and borrowed military lexicon, often integrating international terminology through semantic adaptation. Military terms in Uzbek press perform not only informative but also ideological, persuasive, and socio-political functions. The article concludes that military terminology in Uzbek journalism reflects broader linguistic modernization processes and demonstrates the interaction between specialized vocabulary and public discourse.
Military terminology, Uzbek press, media discourse, lexical adaptation, semantic transformation, military lexicon, terminology studies.
MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization has intensified environmental, social, and economic interdependencies, creating both opportunities and challenges for sustainable development. Social sustainability—the capacity of societies to ensure equity, well-being, and cohesion while respecting ecological limits—has become a central concern. Environmental education (EE) and education for sustainable development (ESD) are increasingly recognized as critical drivers for fostering the values, competencies, and collective actions necessary for social sustainability. This article explores the mechanisms through which environmental education can enhance social sustainability in a globalized world. It synthesizes theoretical perspectives from critical pedagogy, social-ecological systems, and global citizenship education to propose a multi-level framework. Key mechanisms include: integrating social justice into environmental curricula; fostering global–local connections through place-based and globally networked learning; building participatory governance structures; strengthening community–school partnerships; leveraging digital technologies for transnational collaboration; and embedding sustainability competencies into teacher education. The article argues that in the context of globalization, environmental education must go beyond ecological awareness to actively address social inequalities, cultural diversity, and democratic participation. It concludes with policy recommendations and a research agenda for strengthening the contribution of environmental education to socially sustainable futures.
Social sustainability, environmental education, globalization, education for sustainable development, global citizenship, participatory governance, social justice.
THE ROLE OF MODERN PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ENHANCING EDUCATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS
This article analyzes the role and significance of modern pedagogical technologies in the educational process. In particular, digital platforms, AI-based adaptive systems, virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR), gamification, and blended and flipped classroom models are examined in terms of their impact on developing students’ critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and individualized learning. The paper also discusses challenges associated with implementing these technologies and suggests possible solutions.
Pedagogical technology, innovative approaches, digital education, artificial intelligence, VR/AR, gamification, flipped classroom, educational effectiveness.
DIACHRONIC AND SYNCHRONIC APPROACHES TO FANTASY LITERATURE: A STRUCTURAL AND PRAGMALINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE
This article examines diachronic and synchronic approaches to fantasy literature, arguing that historical models lead to conceptual overextension, while structural analysis offers greater precision. Drawing on Tzvetan Todorov and pragmalinguistic theory, the study demonstrates how genre conventions shape interpretation and enable humor, particularly in Terry Pratchett’s works, highlighting fantasy as a functional communicative system.
Fantasy literature, genre theory, diachronic approach, synchronic approach, structuralism, pragmalinguistics, implicature, humor in literature, literary communication.
THE USE OF AUTHENTIC MATERIALS AND DIGITAL RESOURCES IN ESP (ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES)
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has gained significant attention in the linguistic and pedagogical community over the past few decades, evolving out of a global need for targeted language education that meets the requirements of distinct professional and academic disciplines. As globalization accelerates and sectors become more interconnected, developing ESP courses that emphasize practical skills has become essential for learners who aim to excel in fields such as business, law, medicine, engineering, tourism, and many more. One key principle underpinning effective ESP instruction is the integration of authentic materials and digital resources, ensuring that the language input is not only relevant and current but also genuinely reflective of the communicative situations learners will encounter outside the classroom.
ESP, authentic materials, digital resources, communicative language teaching, vocational English, learner motivation, professional English, interactive learning, language for specific purposes, educational technology.
GDP GROWTH, INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE UZBEKISTAN ECONOMY: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE PERIOD OF 2000-2024
This research work provides an in-depth analysis of the relationship between GDP growth rates, inflation and unemployment rates based on modern macroeconomic approaches. In addition to fundamental theories such as the current transformation of the Phillips curve and the practical significance of Okun's law, the study also covers the concepts of the Keynesian multiplier and supply shocks. The uniqueness of the study is that it studies the dynamics of the Uzbek economy from 2000 to the end of 2024 in comparison with international economic trends. Therefore, the article demonstrates the impact of GDP growth on inflation based on the macroeconomic indicators forecast for 2025-2026 and the latest data from the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the International Monetary Fund. In particular, it is argued that economic activity exerts pressure on price growth at the initial stage, but in the long term it ensures stability due to competition and technological efficiency. An effective synthesis of classical and neoclassical views on reducing unemployment is proposed.
GDP, inflation, unemployment, Phillips curve, Okun's law, macroeconomic stability, economy of Uzbekistan, economic analysis.
FINANCING GREEN LOGISTICS AND GREEN TECHNOLOGIES
This article discusses the issues of green logistics that are moving to the implementation of projects to modernize the transport fleet, for example, using the experience of introducing energy-efficient engines. To reduce harmful emissions to the environment and introduce environmentally friendly technologies for the effective application of economic methods to a sustainable future.
Green logistics; financial resources; financial organizations; investments; digitalization of logistics processes.
USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) TECHNOLOGIES IN MARKETING
This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in marketing activities. In the context of the rapidly developing digital economy, artificial intelligence has become one of the key tools for improving marketing efficiency and enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises. The study analyzes the main directions of AI application in marketing, including big data analysis, consumer behavior prediction, personalized advertising, recommendation systems, chatbots, and marketing automation platforms. The research also highlights the role of artificial intelligence in improving decision-making processes, optimizing marketing strategies, and strengthening communication between companies and consumers. The results of the study demonstrate that the effective implementation of AI technologies in marketing allows enterprises to better understand customer needs, improve marketing performance, and increase market competitiveness.
Artificial intelligence, marketing, digital marketing, marketing analytics, personalized marketing, chatbots, marketing automation, digital technologies.
ENABLING STRATEGIC FORESIGHT AND ITS ROLE AS A PROCESS IN THE EFFICIENCY OF WORK TEAMS-AN EXPLORATORY STUDY AT IMAM SADIQ UNIVERSITY
This study aims to examine the correlation and impact of strategic vigilance on the efficiency of work teams, as well as to identify the equal of interest in the investigation variables and their scopes. To attain the study's objectives, a hypothetical model reflecting the study's hypotheses was framed. This model consists of two main variables: the independent variable, strategic vigilance, and the dependent variable, work team efficiency. The researchers Adopted a descriptive exploratory approach and distributed a questionnaire as the primary data Collection tool. The study was conducted at Imam Al-Sadiq University, the study population consisted of administrative leaders and faculty participants at Imam Al-Sadiq University, selected randomly. Statistical software, exactly SPSS version 26, was used. The consequences of the statistical analysis confirmed the study's hypotheses and yielded several conclusions. the most prominent of these findings is that the colleges under study possess a level of vigilance embodied in their adherence to the Ministry's ideology, regulations, and usual laws. However, they suffer from limited contribution by their members in monitoring environmental events surrounding their departments. Accordingly, The most important recommendation is to focus additional on strategic intelligence by attracting and recruiting competent and talented individuals in the field of info technology.
Strategic vigilance process, team effectiveness.
REMOTE MONITORING OF THE CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN G'IJDUVAN DISTRICT USING LANDSHAFT 8 DATA
In this study, a methodology for remote monitoring of the state of agricultural lands in Gijduvan district was developed based on multispectral data obtained from the Landsat-8 satellite. Using remote sensing technologies, the land reclamation condition, vegetation level, moisture indicators, and seasonal changes in crop areas were analyzed. was carried out . The high spatial resolution and spectral range of Landsat-8 images provide a wide range of opportunities for monitoring agricultural areas. Using indices such as NDVI and NDMI, it was possible to determine the stage of plant development, the level of irrigation, and degradation processes. During the study, the condition of the lands of the Gijduvan district was assessed according to these indices. The results obtained showed that the remote monitoring system provides fast, accurate, and large-scale information about the current state of agricultural lands. This approach is important for land resource management, efficient water use, and increasing productivity.
Landsat 8, remote sensing, NDVI, agricultural land, degradation, GIS, monitoring.
TRANSFORMATION OF RELIGIOUS IDENTITY AND PRINCIPLES OF TOLERANCE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION
This study analyzes how religious identity and the principles of tolerance are transformed under globalization, with particular attention to societies where tradition, modernization, and transnational cultural flows interact intensively. Religious identity is approached as a dynamic socio-cultural and psychological construct shaped by collective memory, normative systems, institutional authority, and individual meaning-making. Tolerance is examined not as a passive attitude but as a value-regulatory and communicative principle that mediates intergroup relations in plural environments. The paper argues that globalization simultaneously amplifies identity consolidation and stimulates hybridization: expanding digital networks and migration increase contact between worldviews, while perceived cultural risk can intensify boundary-making, symbolic differentiation, and selective religiosity. The study proposes an integrative framework linking macro-level processes such as media globalization, economic mobility, and global normative discourses with micro-level mechanisms including social comparison, moral emotion, and identity negotiation. Special emphasis is placed on the tension between universalist narratives of human rights and local religious-ethical traditions, showing how this tension can produce either constructive dialogic tolerance or defensive forms of communal closure. In the context of religious higher education, the research highlights the role of curriculum, spiritual mentorship, and civic education in cultivating reflective religiosity and principled tolerance. The study outlines conceptual indicators for diagnosing identity transformation and tolerance orientations, and discusses implications for educational policy and interfaith engagement.
Globalization, religious identity, tolerance, interfaith relations, cultural hybridization, identity negotiation, social cohesion, pluralism, migration, digital media, value transformation, religious socialization, boundary-making, civic ethics, dialogue culture.
DETERMINATION OF MEAN SQUARE VALUES OF RANDOM PARAMETRIC VIBRATIONS OF AN IMPERFECT ELASTIC BEAM
This paper addresses the problem of analytically determining the mean-square values of displacements for a beam with elastic dissipative characteristics of the hysteresis type under random parametric excitations. The nonlinear, multi-valued functional representing the dissipative property of the beam material is accounted for in a linear form using the statistical linearization method. Using the Ito method, an analytical expression for the mean-square values of the beam displacements is derived for narrow-band and wide-band random processes.
Beam, hysteresis, spectral density, random parametric vibration, mean-square value.
VARICOCELE AND INFERTILITY: ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND PATHOGENETIC ASPECTS
Male infertility is a significant medical and social problem affecting a considerable proportion of married couples of reproductive age. Varicocele is one of the leading causes of male infertility and is considered the most common pathology that can potentially be corrected surgically. Currently, varicocelectomy remains the only intervention proven to restore sperm in the ejaculate in some patients and improve key parameters of spermatogenesis. Despite the accumulated clinical data, the pathogenesis of varicocele is multifactorial and includes haemodynamic disorders, heat stress, hypoxia, and immunoinflammatory processes. Particular importance is attached to oxidative stress caused by an excess of active oxygen species, which can damage sperm membranes and increase DNA fragmentation. Sperm DNA fragmentation is considered a promising marker that influences the likelihood of natural conception and the effectiveness of assisted reproductive technologies.
Varicocele, male infertility, spermatogenesis, varicocelectomy, spermogram, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, sperm DNA fragmentation, immunoinflammatory mechanisms of infertility, microbiome, microRNA, assisted reproductive technologies, pregnancy, reproductive outcomes.
EARLY RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND THEIR FORMATION
This article describes the emergence of the first religious views in the history of mankind, their formation and development. Also, attention to religion in the society, the place of religious values and the strengthening of religious freedom in the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan are analyzed.
Religion, animism, fetishism, totemism, magic, shamanism, religious freedom.